Hello
One potential solution would be to try disabling the Microsoft Filter Management service altogether, and then attempt to start the transport service again. You can do this by running the following command in an elevated PowerShell session on the affected Exchange server:
Set-Service MSExchangeTransport -StartupType Disabled
Once you have disabled the transport service, try starting the transport service again. If it starts successfully, you can then re-enable the Microsoft Filter Management service by running the following command:
Set-Service MSFilter -StartupType Automatic
If this solution does not work, you can also try restoring the Exchange server from a backup taken prior to installing the KB5023038 update, and then applying the update again to see if the issue persists.
In a similar case i had to restore from backup but i hope you dont have to do that !
If my answer helped kindly mark it as Accepted , otherwise send us some feedback !
Regards