Last month end:
SELECT eomonth(dateadd(MONTH, -1, sysdatetime()))
Last year end:
SELECT datefromparts(YEAR(sysdatetime()) - 1, 12, 31)
Last quarter end (this is the ugly one):
SELECT eomonth(dateadd(quarter, -1,
datefromparts(year(sysdatetime()), (month(sysdatetime()) / 4 + 1) * 3, 1)))
The but-ones are left as an exercise to the reader. (They should be easy to do, given the above).