This error message means that SQL Server did not start when Setup wanted to run configuration. To understand why SQL Server did not start, you need to check the SQL Server errorlog, which is located in C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL11.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\LOG\ERRORLOG. (The exact path depends on your installation.)
If you see a message about 256 misaligned reads, you are running into a known issue where Windows 11 for some drives reports a disk-sector size that SQL Server cannot cope with. Microsoft has published this article with workarounds that you can try.
Note however, that running SQL 2012 on Windows 11 is not officially supported. (Well, overall SQL 2012 is out of support.)