@Anonymous - Thanks for the question and using MS Q&A platform.
As per the repro, I had tried to create Azure ML workspace linked service in Azure Synapse Studio, when I tested connection - it's shown same error message as described in the question:
To resolve this issue, make sure to grant workspace service managed identity access to your Azure Machine Learning workspace as shown below:
Note: Add the service principal as contributor of the Azure Machine Learning workspace. Note that this will require being an owner of the resource group that the Azure Machine Learning workspace belongs to.
Post adding the permission, we are able to successfully able to connect the Azure ML workspace from Synapse studio linked service.
For more details, refer Quickstart: Create a new Azure Machine Learning linked service in Synapse.
Hope this helps. Do let us know if you any further queries.
If this answers your query, do click Accept Answer and Yes for was this answer helpful. And, if you have any further query do let us know.