Yes there are hard requirements by Microsoft to have under 2ms latency between each Avalibility Zone.
Azure availability zones are connected by a high-performance network with a round-trip latency of less than 2ms. They help your data stay synchronized and accessible when things go wrong. Each zone is composed of one or more datacenters equipped with independent power, cooling, and networking infrastructure. Availability zones are designed so that if one zone is affected, regional services, capacity, and high availability are supported by the remaining two zones.
Not too sure about the details around the fibre length, as long as it meets the 2ms limit, you could probably gauge the cabling required.
If it interests you, check out: Inside Azure innovations with Mark Russinovich | BRK290HFS, Mark Russinovich (CTO of Azure), discusses Hollowcore Fibre, a improved version of fibre they are experimenting with and rolling out.