An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
Hello Jordan Sansing
Welcome to Microsoft Q&A Platform, thanks for posting your query here.
Usually resizing a virtual machine shouldn't delete any files from the filesystem, including SSH keys. However, there could have been an unintended issue during the resizing process that affected the VM's filesystem considering you have backed out the resize process before it finished.
Resizing a virtual machine involves changes to its underlying hardware configuration, and such changes can sometimes lead to unexpected behaviors if interrupted before completion.
Since you mentioned that you can regenerate the keys without any problem, I would recommend doing that and make sure to back them.
If you want the exact root cause of loosing your keys, support team will be able to check and help on this. I would recommend you to open a azure support case.
Hope this helps.