Dear Mishka,
Azure does accept Debit Cards, as described here https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cost-management-billing/understand/pay-bill#credit-or-debit-card, as a payment method but with some exceptions like:
Debit cards aren't accepted as payment for Azure subscriptions in Brazil and Hongkong regions.
Are you trying against any of those two regions?
Have you checked with your bank if international transcantions are enabled?
Please let me know if my reply has helped you,
Regards,