I got the same problem. In fact, you don't need to delete image and undo it. You just click edit and confirm without any change, then the image is then shown up in the mobile app.
In addition to above problem that you cannot see inline image in the mobile app, I have some other observations:
on the desktop version, inline images are shown and clickable to see an enlarged image in chat message. But in channel, all inline images are shown but unclickable, so not able to see an enlarged image. And you cannot right click to copy these images as well.
I think things are working differently in channel message and chat message somehow.
This kind of issues started to appear since around middle September (before that everything is working fine). Are there modifications Microsoft made on graph APIs leading to this problem?