
Hi @Sebastian Meyer,
Thank you for posting in this community.
Unfortunately, we cannot restore or recreate these .R, .T, .P and .C4 files as document again.
In fact, these files are generated when you open a file on SharePoint Online with a local app and these files are logging the file status. If you simply check out the file and open it with the local file, these files are not generated.
You can test this by using a local app to open an unchecked-out file on SharePoint Online, and a folder containing .R, .T, .P and .C4 files will be created in the OfficeFileCache folder as well.
They have nothing to do with the preservation of the document being checked out.
We all know that the document being signed out can only be modified and accessed by the person being signed out during the signing out period. Therefore, we just need to save the file by clicking the Save button or the shortcut Ctrl + S directly after modifying the file. Then click on the check-in button to synchronize the modified content of the file to SharePoint Online.
Reference: Check out, check in, or discard changes to files in a SharePoint library
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