Hello Sebastian,
The DomainJoinedCheck and DomainTrustCheck failures you encounter usually indicate issues with domain connectivity or configuration. It's crucial to ensure the virtual machine can communicate with the domain controller.
You should verify the network settings( NSG and Firewall ), that could prevent the accessibility of domain controllers from the VM.
Also confirm the VM is using a DNS server that can resolve domain names correctly.
Sometimes, specific group policies or organizational unit settings might hinder the domain join process.
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Regards