First I thought the installation of the CU might be failing due to the accident you seem to have with SSCM. But looking in the log file, this seems to be where things to wrong:
MSI (s) (80:E0) [15:36:27:978]: Note: 1: 1722 2: InstallService.754C9258_CE8E_4420_9B81_7AD051B1479F 3: C:\Program Files\Microsoft\AzureAttestService\AzureAttestServiceInstaller.exe 4: -Install AzureAttestService.dll CustomAction InstallService.754C9258_CE8E_4420_9B81_7AD051B1479F returned actual error code -2147019873 (note this may not be 100% accurate if translation happened inside sandbox)MSI (s) (80:E0) [15:36:27:993]: Product: SQL Server 2019 Database Engine Shared -- Error 1722. There is a problem with this Windows Installer package. A program run as part of the setup did not finish as expected. Contact your support personnel or package vendor. Action InstallService.754C9258_CE8E_4420_9B81_7AD051B1479F, location: C:\Program Files\Microsoft\AzureAttestService\AzureAttestServiceInstaller.exe, command: -Install AzureAttestService.dll
And I can't see the direct connection between AzureAttestService and SSCM. I do have a recollection of other having had some sort of trouble with AzureAttestService, but it was a couple of years back, and I don't remember the details.
In any case, I would try to run a Repair of your installation to see if that brings SSCM back to life.
If the option of opening a support case is available to you, I would consider doing that.