It seems that the service account for SQL Server Agent does not have permission in the AD to get information about this user.
It is possible to write a stored procedure that permits a user to start a certain job. It requires some understanding of certificates and impersonate to use. I have written about it here:
http://www.sommarskog.se/grantperm-appendix.html#startjobs
But as you will find there is a longer article that you need to read first.