Based on my tests, a column formatted as currency only comes through as a number in Word, because Word content controls only display what they point to, such as the plain numeric value, and no option to specify the display format of the currency.
The workaround is using Word field: MERGEFIELD.
The column "Test 111" I created in SharePoint.
The { MERGEFIELD <Document Property> \ # $#,###.00} I entered in Word document.
(Please note, you need to press Ctrl+F9 to insert code brackets, not the brackets typed from the keyboard. Plus, <Document Property> is inserted from the Quick Parts as you know.)
After clicking Toggle Filed Codes or pressing Alt + F9, the field code will show the result.
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