Hi,
For the issue you are experiencing, it may be resulted by inappropriate accepted domain type. When the accepted domain is set to Authoritative, Directory Based Edge Blocking (DBEB) allows any SMTP address that has been added to the service, except for mail-enabled public folders.
To solve this problem, change the accepted doamin type to "Internal Relay". You can follow the steps below to perform a quick change:
- Go to Exchange admin centerand sign in using your credentials.
- Choose mail flow > accepted domain mains, and doble click the target domain.
- In the pop-up window, change the accepted domain to "Internal relay".
- Save your changed.
For detailed information and instructions about accepted domains: Manage accepted domains in Exchange Online
Here is also a thread discusses about the similar issue as yours: Public folder was given Anonymous user "CreateItems" permission, Still cannot send that public folder emails from the outside world
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