
The issue has been resolved.
Thanks to everyone for their help. I contacted the Microsoft support team and we tried a few things which resolved the issue.
It was quite amusing that basic troubleshooting did nothing to resolve the issue. However, we stumbled across the solution by accident. The technical support asked if I could switch from Norwegian to English on Windows to better assist me. Little did we know that downloading the English Language Pack and restarting would resolve the login issue the next time I tried syncing Microsoft Edge :)