Hi,
What's your system model?
Did you enabled Bitlocker by yourself before replace disk?
If you have not enable Bitlocker by yourself, it also could be enabled automatically if you login system with Microsoft account and hardware meet Bitlocker enable requirement.
Here is a description on Dell website for automatically enable Bitlocker. Also as I know, it is not limited to Dell, dell is just take as example.
Automatic Windows Device Encryption/BitLocker on Dell Systems
No matter enabled Bitlocker by yourself or automatically, we need to suspend Bitlocker before replace hardware. If not, it will prompt for recovery key after reboot system.
For getting recovery key, we could check for Microsoft Account, Azure AD account, check for USB flash drive, printout, or system administrator if it is a domain joined device.
If you can't find recovery key, it is not able to get into system again.
Please note: Information posted in the given link is hosted by a third party. Microsoft does not guarantee the accuracy and effectiveness of information.
Bests,
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