Hello i4fe
Welcome to Microsoft Q&A Platform, thanks for posting your query here.
One work around is to gather names of extensions on a healthy node and then install them on failed nodes with PowerShell and see if that helps.
$ext = Get-AzConnectedMachineExtension -Name custom -ResourceGroupName ContosoTest -MachineName other
$ext | New-AzConnectedMachineExtension -ExtensionParameter $ext
Hope this helps.