The errors occurs at the very end of the installation. Setup has started SQL Server which has performed adaption of the system database, including setting the collation. All that went fine.
Then Setup wants to connect to make the final configuration, but this is where it fails. Since SQL Server has started SQL Server in single-user mode, it expects that it can connect as sysadmin. That is, it assumes that it is running as local administrator. But if you have locked down the service account for MSI, this may not be the case.
Or for some other reason, the admin token is missing, and therefore the connection is not as sysadmin, and at this point sysadmin is the only one that can connect, because no logins have been created.
I don't know if this information is enough to understand what is going on - but I would be surprised if it is. Nevertheless, this is about as much I can say. If you can open a support case, I think that would be the best way out.