After doing a TON of different searched and possible fixes (I even uninstalled a game called Wuthering Waves that comes with an anti-cheat called AntiCheatExpert and fully removed the leftovers cause I was starting to think that was the problem) I was able to install a Windows Installer package and get it working again... for now.
The "fix" was to go to System > Recovery in your Windows Settings and I did the "Fix problems using Windows Update", which essentially re-installs Windows only files and keeps your computer setup the same way. Did that, and was able to install LibreOffice (the windows installer package I've been trying to do) and finally able to open and access my spreadsheets again. Hoping the fix sticks and I don't find myself in the same boat tomorrow after doing normal PC stuff. Side note, it also seemed to fix another issue that had arisen where my printer continuously stopped working no matter how many times I kept reloading the drivers.
I didn't like the idea of doing the full windows repair, but in the end it seemed to do the trick for now.