I launched a new Ubuntu 24.04 and attached an existing NIC with IPv4 and Ipv6 addresses. By default it was able to utilize IPv6.
This is what my network file looks like. Try updating yours to see if it resolves the issue.
root@vm24041:/home/azureuser# cat /run/systemd/network/10-netplan-eth0.network
[Match]
Driver=hv_netvsc
PermanentMACAddress=60:45:bd:b8:91:40
Name=eth0
[Network]
DHCP=yes
LinkLocalAddressing=ipv6
[DHCP]
RouteMetric=100
UseMTU=true
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