@Andrew Fitzpatrick sorry to hear that you are struggling to get your device connected to Azure IoT Edge as a downstream device. You mentioned that you tried this sample with the same error - https://github.com/Azure-Samples/azure-iot-samples-ios - though that sample is to connect directly to IoT Hub.
1) Therefore I am assuming that you have the same error when trying to connect to Azure IoT Edge acting as a transparent gateway as well as when you connect directly to Azure IoT Hub? Please confirm.
I also recommend that you try using the Azure SDK for Embedded C : https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-c
We are working on that SDK actively and have a walkthrough on how to setup your MAC to run the samples: https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-c/#mac
Thank you so much for your time so far!