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What version of outlook is in your new laptop? If you have an older version of Outlook, change the Logon network security setting to Anonymous Authentication to fix this issue. And you can check your registry setting for Anonymous Authentication.For newer versions of Outlook, you can run diagnostics to determine the issue that might cause the error.For details of the above steps you can refer to:Outlook continually prompts for your password when you try to connect to Microsoft 365
Additionally, you can view the following forum thread for common causes:
Please feel free to contact me for any updates. And if this helps, don't forget to mark it as an answer!