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You cannot query these settings directly but you can infer their values by using the following APIs:
Speaker Settings:
This is a win32 api, you can not directly call it in C# unless you project the calls from C++, you need to p/invoked these APIs in C# from C++ to use it.
Headset format:
You can try to use the APIs from this document to infer the value: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/uwp/api/windows.media.audio.spatialaudiodeviceconfiguration