Hi @Timo Notheisen ,
Thank you for reaching out to us again and confirming that the issue has been resolved.
As an original poster cannot accept their own answer, I am reposting it so that you can accept it an answer. Accepted answer will help other community members navigate to the appropriate solutions.
Issue: Kubernetes Load Balancer 403 AuthorizationFailed and InvalidApiVersionParameter
Solution: Turned out we had an error in the value of the service.beta.kubernetes.io/azure-load-balancer-resource-group
annotation. We've been passing the resource group id the whole time. But it seems you have to use the resource group name instead.
This fixes both problems (the missing permission and the wrong API version).