Thank you for posting this in Microsoft Q&A.
As I understand you were asked to change the primary domain in your Entra ID. And you want to know how long it takes to be in effect.
Usually, it doesn't take any time to change the primary domain within Entra ID. And anytime you can change back to the previous domain as primary. Changes will take effect immediately.
You can also refer to below article on information on changing domain as primary.
Let me know if you have any further questions.
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