Please try the following commands o install the ODBC driver on Debian:
#Debian 9-11
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/microsoft.asc
#Download appropriate package for the OS version
#Debian 10
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/debian/10/prod.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-release.list
# Now update the package lists:
sudo apt-get update
sudo ACCEPT_EULA=Y apt-get install -y msodbcsql18
# optional: for bcp and sqlcmd
sudo ACCEPT_EULA=Y apt-get install -y mssql-tools18
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools18/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
# optional: for unixODBC development headers
sudo apt-get install -y unixodbc-dev
# optional: kerberos library for debian-slim distributions
sudo apt-get install -y libgssapi-krb5-2
You can find more detailed information here.