Hi @Martin Splitter
Welcome to our forum!
Does the issue occur recently on Outlook Desktop Client? Do you have any specific operation before the issue occurred?
What is the version of your Outlook? It is recommended that you please check the Outlook client version (File>Office Account>Product Information) and try to upgrade to the latest version to see if the problem is resolved.
Based on my research, it works fine when i disable the teams add-in by going to File>Options>Add-ins>Go>untick the Microsoft Teams Meeting Add-in for Microsoft Office, OK. If you are manually closing the add-in and getting an error, you may refer to my steps to try again. 
If you are passively closing the add-in and getting the error, it is recommended that you reopen the add-in by going to File>Options>Add-ins>Next to "Manage", select Disabled Items and click Go>If the Teams add-in is listed, select it and click Enable.
Meanwhile, you may use troubleshoot tool to get a guidance, more information: Troubleshoot the Teams Meeting add-in in Outlook for Windows - Microsoft Support .
Hope it helps!
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