I ran into the exact same issue as @Sarah_429. Reverting to 23H2 brought back the ability to log into my domain (WS 2022, with CIS L2 hardening applied). While 24H2 was on there, it also seemed to break smartcard auth for me.
This last week, my test system force-updated to 24H2 (I forgot to block updates via GPO/reg), and using recovery to go back to 23H2 was no longer an option. What ended up fixing it for me on this one system was to leave the domain, reboot, and then rejoin it. Still a PITA if it affects many endpoints.