@Tommie van Lent, Thanks for posting in Q&A.
From your description, I know you want to block sign-in on iOS Mail app.
Based on my research, we can create a conditional access policy to achieve this, here are steps you can refer to.
Require approved client apps or app protection policy with mobile devices https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/conditional-access/howto-policy-approved-app-or-app-protection#require-approved-client-apps-or-app-protection-policy-with-mobile-devices
Block Exchange ActiveSync on all devices:
Hope above information can help you.
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