It's probably a self-protection mechanism that is built into the OS to prevent users from accidentally (intentionally!) preventing needed Defender tasks from executing.
I have Win 11 Home and I don't see any way to manage those tasks.
Since you commented "for the short time the triggers survive they do function correctly", then you could try using your own scheduled task to execute a Powershell script which would update the triggers in the Defender tasks. Maybe schedule your task to run daily.
I would caution you that this is a "use at your own risk" situation. I don't know if there any side effects to changing the trigger time.
I did test the script and updated my tasks. I'm going to monitor them to see what happens. I don't know if the tasks will execute at the "random time" in addition to my trigger time.
After the triggers get reset, I'll just leave them as the default.
$DefenderTasks = Get-ScheduledTask | Where-Object -Property TaskPath -Like "*windows defender*"
foreach ($task in $DefenderTasks) {
$tr = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -Daily -At 12:01am
Set-ScheduledTask -TaskPath $task.TaskPath -TaskName $task.TaskName -Trigger $tr
}