Try one of solutions:
Dim textboxes = {TextBox1, TextBox2, TextBox3, TextBox4, TextBox5,
TextBox6, TextBox7, TextBox8, TextBox9, TextBox10}
Dim strings = From tb In textboxes
Where Not String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(tb.Text)
Select tb.Text
Dim has_duplicates As Boolean = strings.Distinct.Count <> strings.Count
If has_duplicates Then MsgBox("Please check input")
If you do not want to exclude empty textboxes, then remove the Where condition.
In order to access textboxes by name, you can also consider Me.Controls.Find.