Hello Chris,
Have you tried open an elevated command prompt. Type or copy-paste the following commands:
Dism /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth
reboot system
sfc /scannow
If that does not get you back on track, suggest using the second option "Fix problems using Windows Update". This will do a Repair Install of your current build. This will retain all data but as with any install, ensure your important files are backed up.
Regards,