Control Panel/ Folder Options/ View, will enable you to set two options that show both hidden and system files. With those set see if you can browse to this location and see what is listed in there.
C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Microsoft Office
See if you can create shortcuts via this location and place the shortcuts in the first location if they are missing.
C:\Program Files\ Microsoft Office\Office12
If you can't see the file extensions in Office12, then uncheck the "Hide known file types" in Control Panel/ Folder Options/ View.
Sometimes your problem can be caused when the Properties of the user's folder (right-click on it) are set to Hidden, resulting in Windows not "seeing" them.
System Restore might also fix the problem for you.
How to repair the operating system and how to restore the operating system configuration to an earlier point in time in Windows Vista
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/936212/#appliesto
Repairing Office is another thing to try.
Diagnose and repair crashing Office programs by using Office Diagnostics