What you would need to do is play some sound, any sound in the software(s) that is(are) missing in the Volume Mixer for which you are no longer able to adjust sound. Apparently the Volume Mixer only allows you to mute, unmute and adjust sounds for a software
that it thinks is playing a sound. So if the software is not currently playing any sound, Windows thinks it doesn't need sound adjusting so it removes it from the Volume Mixer. And the only way to get it back into the Volume Mixer is to play a sound in the
software.
So for browsers like Google Chrome, play a youtube video in it and while it's being played, open up Volume Mixer at the same time and you will see it re-appearing in the Volume Mixer. For Gmail Notifier, do something that will trigger the Gmail Notifier
to play a sound and go to the Volume Mixer.
This very annoying problem first appeared in Windows Vista and is obviously still existing in Windows 7. And I have seen it is also appearing in Windows 8. Very typical of Microsoft - Always designs the software according to how THEY think it should be
used NEVER think how it would be used by people.
Hope this helps.