The following process fixed the issue.
Log into your notebo
- ok, but don’t start anything.
- Connect to VPN
- Hit CTRL-ALT-DEL and then choose Lock your workstation
- Unlock your workstation with your regular network password
- Restart, log in, connect to VPN, open Excel and retry refreshing your workbook
During all of this, it’s important to not open Excel or try and refresh the data until after you’ve connected via VPN.
Basically, the same local password cache refresh you'd use after updating your network password. His feedback was that after doing this he's able to refresh again -- no idea if that holds up over time, or was just a coincidence, but for now it seems to have worked.