Hi Jeff,
Thank you for posting your issue to us.
I understand that you are unable to install Windows updates.
Is this issue limited to a specific update/set of updates?
If yes, please provide the Kb article number(s) of the same.
This issue could be a result of corrupt Windows update components. Let’s try to resolve this issue by using the following methods:
Method 1: Windows Update Troubleshooter
I would suggest you to follow these steps to run Windows Update Troubleshooter and check.
Windows Update Troubleshooter
http://go.microsoft.com/?linkid=9830262
If you are still unable to install the updates, try method 2.
If you are still unable to install the updates, try method 2.
Method 2: Clean boot
I would suggest you to place the computer in clean boot state and then try to install the updates.
Clean boot: To help troubleshoot error messages and other issues, you can start Windows by using a minimal set of drivers and startup programs. This kind of startup is known as a "clean boot." A clean boot helps eliminate software conflicts. Here is the link for your reference to perform clean boot.
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/929135
Note: Please go through the section: How to reset the computer to start as usual after troubleshooting with clean boot of the Kb article to boot the computer in normal startup after fixing the issue.
****If you are still unable to install the updates, try method 3.
Method 3: Reset Windows Update components
Please use the link below and reset the windows update components manually.
How do I reset Windows Update components?
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/971058/en-us
Registry disclaimer
To do so: Important this section, method, or task contains steps that tell you how to modify the registry. However, serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly. Therefore, make sure that you follow these steps carefully. For added protection, back up the registry before you modify it. Then, you can restore the registry if a problem occurs. For more information about how to back up and restore the registry, use the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base
How to back up and restore the registry in Windows
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/322756/
Additional Information:
Troubleshoot problems with installing updates
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-in/windows/troubleshoot-problems-installing-updates#1TC=windows-8
Hope this information was helpful. Please reply with the results and if you need further assistance, we will be glad to help you.