Heya, I'm also dealing with this issue.
I had it first appear around November/ December time, but was also dealing with several other issues at the same time. I've since replaced a HDD and my graphics card, reinstalled twice.
I've barely installed any programs and certainly nothing that was A.) Dodgy or B.) Untrusted - I've developed a particular disliking for Hamachi
So this is a completely clean install of windows and after a few days, it started doing it again.
Corrupted, static thumbnail images. Pretty much identical to the images you've provided.
At first one folder, then a few, now I view folders via my browser and they're all appearing that way in specific sections. I'm concerned this might be related to something more serious, but as it stands it's just a minor inconvenience.
Was there an update via MS that might have caused this?
The only things I recently installed were windows updates and I've scanned my PC too, to no avail.
I'm also looking for answers.