Running the Windows Update troubleshooter from the article you linked, it first prompted me to run as Administrator, then checked for pending updates, then said: "An unexpected error has occurred. The troubleshooting wizard can't continue."
I downloaded the specific KB4090914 patch from the catalog, which also failed as I specified above.
I downloaded the most recent KB4093107 and it failed with: "The update is not applicable to your computer."
I ran the fix for windows file corruption, and that seems to have fixed it - I can run Windows Updates now. Thank you!