@Guido Walter , Thank you for reaching out. Let take you few steps back and lets discuss what this multitenant apps are. When we say multitenant app, it means the some organization has developed an application and registered that in their own Azure Tenant making it Azure AD protected, and then it has offered that application to be used in your tenant. In case of OAuth applications, when you try to signin to that application offered by the other organization, you land up on to a URL that looks like:
https://login.microosft.com/common
/common is called the common endpoint, which can accept the requests from any of the Azure AD tenants and then redirect it to the specific tenant for the user's authentication based on the user's inputs i.e his UPN.
Similarly in case of SAML apps, you would be registering that SAML application in your AAD tenant. You can register that application either as a non-gallery application or if the application is present in our Azure AD apps gallery, then you can add it from the gallery as gallery application. The SAML apps usually supports SP initiated signon process, where the user gets a login URL from the application's side and user once on that URL, would get a login form. Now it depends on the application how they have coded it, but ideally you should find an option like "login with SSO" or "login with AAD organizational account". After selecting that option, the user would be redirected to AAD for login.
When the application redirects the user to login to AAD, the application submits a SAML request (in case of SAML apps) to AAD and based on that SAML Request, the AAD prepares the SAML Response after the user successfully authenticates himself/herself with AAD. This SAML Response is sent by AAD to the application and Application consumes this SAML response.
Next question is of the claims, now these claims are something that AAD pushes in the SAML response token and sends them to the application for consumption.
Hope this helps. Do let us know if this helps and if there are any more queries around this, please do let us know so that we can help you further. Also, please do not forget to accept the response as Answer; if the above response helped in answering your query.