Hi @Jeremy B ,
Filter by list column is not supported in SharePoint Online Quick chart web part currently. And also, I couldn't find a solution meets your requirement. I suggest you can post a SharePoint UserVoice here. It is a place for customers provide feedback about Microsoft SharePoint products. What's more, if a feedback is high voted there by other customers, it will be promising that Microsoft Product Team will take it into consideration when designing the next version in the future.
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