@Andreas , From your description, we find some devices are unable to apply the policy to add the Azure AD user into local administrators group. Because of the display name of administrators group is not the same on the non English devices. Agree with Jason, we can change to use group SID which is unique. For local administrators group, the SID is S-1-5-32-544. We can see more details in the following link:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-US/troubleshoot/windows-server/identity/security-identifiers-in-windows
We can change the accessgroup value as "<accessgroup desc = "S-1-5-32-544">" to see if it is working.
Hope it can help.
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