I'm not familiar with Tableau Desktop but if the log file is located in OneDrive or in your backed up Desktop, Documents, or Pictures folders then you can't exclude it from syncing to OneDrive. You must go to the Backup tab in your OneDrive settings if you want to stop the backup of your Desktop, Documents, or Pictures folders.
I don't know why the OneDrive category was removed. Since I specialize mostly in OneDrive it makes it harder for me to find these OneDrive questions.