Since you have the "not installed" error in your error logs, I suggest checking for duplicate product HKEYs.
If these keys exist, remove them.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Installer\Products\7EC08CB7BBBDF1045B31147D9AC698FB HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Installer\Products\E2D094C21044C254D9583B64140ED511
Then, step through all the Keys in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Installer\Products\ and look for one with Product Name Microsoft Azure AD Connect.
Delete this and restart the installer.
If you have MFA enabled, you may want to make sure that MFA is disabled in portal.azure.com and portal.office.com > active users. That might be able to fix the sync for the error that you mentioned in the main post.
If that doesn't work or if you already do not have MFA enforced, you may need to run IdFix to check for duplicates, missing attributes, and rule violations.