As per https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/known-issues#extensions
Filtering on schema extension properties not supported on all entity types Filtering on schema extension properties (using the $filter expression) is not supported for Outlook entity types - contact, event, message, or post.
Using extended properties https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/resources/extended-properties-overview?view=graph-rest-1.0 is probably a better way to go until they support schema extensions in filters