Hello, my name is Gaston, I am an independent consultant.
I tell you that this problem occurs when the BIOS does not recognize the system's boot drive.
Windows 10 requires a GPT-style partition and booting in UEFi mode.
What is the software used to create the system image?
Try re-enabling UEFI mode and converting the disk to GPT.
Then use the USB bootable drive again to start the Windows installation boot.
When it starts up on the screen, select Language, Printing and Architecture and select Repair your computer.
Choose Troubleshoot> Advanced Options> Command Prompt and run the following commands:
bootrec /fixmbr
bootrec /fixboot
bcdedit /export c:\bcdbackup
attrib c:\boot\bcd -h -r -s
ren c:\boot\bcd bcd.old
bootrec /rebuildbcd
At the end of the process, you should see:
"Browse all disks for installation"
"Total Windows Installations Defined: 1"
Confirm the action and then restart your computer.
Then check.
Greetings.