Hello,
The "CrossDeviceResume.exe" file is an insider feature of Phone Link, which let the computer "pick up where you left off" from the phone.
It is a system file, so you should not delete that file. You are seeing the error message because a system service (likely Phone Link) uses that file and cannot run it.
You can disable Resume first, and see whether the issue persists. To do so, please right-click Start->Settings->Apps->Resume. Disable the "Resume" functionality, and see whether the issue persists. Also, please stop using Phone Link and do not connect a smartphone afterwards to prevent the system from running that file.
If that does not work, or if you need to use the "Resume" and other Phone Link features, based on the situation, you can try using DISM and SFC to restore the "CrossDeviceResume.exe" file.
To do so, right-click Start->Terminal/PowerShell/Command prompt (Admin), and enter the following commands:
dism /online /cleanup-image /restorehealth
sfc /scannow
After running the commands, please provide a screenshot showing the output, and reboot your computer. See whether the issue persists.
If the issue persists, since you have mentioned that you are not in Windows Insider but running an insider build, you need to join Windows Insider manually, and perform an in-place upgrade using the latest image from the channel (Release preview, Beta, Dev, or Canary) the current system is in. Download the ISO file, open it in the file explorer (if you have other applications that can open ISO files, please right-click it->Open with->Windows file explorer. Enter the new drive it creates, and run "setup.exe". Follow the instructions, and when selecting what data to keep, please select "Keep personal files and apps".
Disclaimer: Let us try performing an "in-place install" or "in-place upgrade", which will refresh your Windows files and operating system without removing files or applications.
Regardless, we always recommend that if you have important data, you should back it up before making large system changes.
If you want to back up your data first, please do so.
Please note that if the issue persists, or the repair failed, you need to reinstall the system, so please back up all your personal files to offline storage (like USB sticks, external hard drives, and memory cards) beforehand to prevent data loss.
Best Regards,
Sheng G. - MSFT | Microsoft Community Support Specialist