The built-in procedure is to set the view (and sorting, grouping, etc.) as you want and then click View tab > Options > Change folder and search options > View tab > Apply to Folders. That will (in general) apply that view to other folders of the same TYPE (i.e. Documents, Pictures, Music, Videos, General Items).
Note that there is no option to set a view, such as Details, for a specific folder tree. You can, however, set all the folders for an entire folder tree to the same folder type (if they're not already the same type), by right-click folder > Properties > Customize > Select the desired folder type > check Also apply this template to all subfolders > OK.
Also note that the Apply to Folders procedure, will not update file open/save dialogs for folders that have already been opened via such dialogs and the Apply to Folders procedure must be repeated for each folder type. There are also many special folder types, such as Search results, where the Apply to Folders button is grayed out, preventing you from setting the default.
If the built-in options don't yield the desired result, you may want to try my free WinSetView app. It will let you set all the folder view defaults, for all folder types, including file dialogs, search results, etc. to the default views you like.