I have the same problem.
Fresh installed Windows 11 23H2 from 2 weeks ago!
This is just incredible that a Windows installation not even 2 weeks old is already failing an update.
I tried everything.
1.) Windows Update Troubleshooter
2.) BITS troubleshooter
3.) Reset of Windows Update Cache
4.) SFC
5.) DISM
Nothing helped.
According to the internet the only thing which will help is an inplace upgrade.
I am also not willing to do this as it will mess up my highly customized system.
I will wait another few weeks. Maybe someone will come up with a solution.
Worst case I will have to reinstall my system which will take me another 2 days until everything is installed and customized again.
The crazy thing is that I have an identical second install on the same computer with the exact same settings and drivers except the installed programs are different. This system updated just fine. Nobody can explain this with reason.
Let's hope for the best in the coming weeks that someone will come up with a reasonable solution.