From your CBS.log, many windows components or files have corrupted, try to use sfc tool to repair them.
Run dism command first then run sfc command.
Use the System File Checker tool to repair missing or corrupted system files (microsoft.com)
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/use-the-system-file-checker-tool-to-repair-missing-or-corrupted-system-files-79aa86cb-ca52-166a-92a3-966e85d4094e
Next, reset windows update components.
Right click on the start button and select Powershell (admin) or Command Prompt (admin)
Write the next hit enter after each line.
net stop wuauserv
net stop cryptSvc
net stop bits
net stop msiserver
Ren C:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution SoftwareDistribution.old
Ren C:\Windows\System32\catroot2 Catroot2.old
net start wuauserv
net start cryptSvc
net start bits
net start msiserver
After completed, restart computer then manually download and install KB5003637 from Microsoft catalog.
https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=KB5003637
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