Hello,
SQL Server stores the Windows login SID and name on creation of the SQL Server login and newer update it.
If you rename the Windows login name in AD, the name stored in SQL Server remain, until you manually update it.
The login will still work, because for auth SQL Server always uses the SID only and not the name.
You can update the name with ALTER LOGIN, like
ALTER LOGIN [Domain\OldName] WITH NAME = [Domain\NewName];